The intricate design and workmanship of a set of medical instruments used by Roman surgeons 2,000 years ago have been revealed thanks to state-of-the-art archaeological technology. This discovery sheds new light on the advanced medical practices of ancient Rome, providing insights into the tools and techniques that were used to treat injuries and medical conditions.
Using a CT scanner capable of peering beneath the surface of objects, researchers have examined six implements, including a bronze scalpel handle that would have been used in surgery. This technology has allowed experts to explore the detailed craftsmanship of these ancient tools, revealing features that have remained hidden for centuries. The instruments scanned include two surgical probes, a spoon, and two needles. These were analyzed at the University of Exeter’s SHArD 3D Lab, where researchers sought to understand how these tools might have been used by Roman medics in ancient Britain.
The instruments, now held by the Devon and Exeter Medical Heritage Trust (DEMHT), were originally unearthed 125 years ago at a site in Walbrook River, London. This area is known for its rich collection of well-preserved tools and objects from the Roman era. The recent study was led by Professor Rebecca Flemming, the Leventis Professor of Ancient Greek Scientific and Technological Thought, who has focused her research on ancient medicine and the implements and substances used in healing practices.
Professor Flemming highlighted the significance of modern technology in uncovering new details about ancient objects. According to her, these technologies enable researchers to investigate these items in ways that were previously unimaginable. By examining the design and manufacture of these tools, including the intricate socket where the iron scalpel blade was inserted into the bronze handle, researchers have gained a deeper understanding of their capabilities and use. The tiny scrolls found on the bronze handle are not only aesthetically pleasing but also serve a functional purpose, allowing for the easy replacement of worn blades.
The research revealed that Roman surgeons likely used the scalpel for various operations and therapeutic procedures, such as bloodletting. The probes, on the other hand, would have been employed for exploratory purposes, helping surgeons examine wounds, fistulae, and fractures before surgery. They might have also been used for clearing wax out of ears. The spoon was probably used for mixing medicaments, and the needles could have been utilized to sew bandages.
Megan Woolley, the coordinator of DEMHT, expressed excitement about the findings. She emphasized the importance of understanding the material in their collection and noted that having models of these historical objects allows people to handle them and explore their uses in greater detail. This hands-on approach is crucial for uncovering more about the practical applications of these ancient tools.
The SHArD 3D Lab, where the scans were conducted, is the first humanities-led microCT facility in the South West of England. This facility allows researchers to create highly detailed 3D scans of archaeological and cultural artifacts without causing any damage to the originals. The project involved generating 3D models of the instruments at a remarkable resolution of 0.05mm. By using X-ray capabilities, researchers were able to look beneath the corroded surface layers of the tools and examine the original materials underneath. These detailed scans will enable the production of exact replicas through 3D printing, which can then be used for teaching and public engagement.
Dr. Carly Ameen, a Lecturer in Bioarchaeology and the Director of the SHArD 3D Lab, emphasized the importance of interdisciplinary research in advancing our understanding of the past. By combining scientific techniques with historical remains and integrating this data with other forms of evidence, researchers can develop a more comprehensive knowledge of ancient practices. Dr. Ameen expressed enthusiasm for future collaborations in this field, which will further enhance our understanding of history.
Professor Flemming added that her interest lies not only in the practice of ancient medicine but also in the way the Roman Empire spread similar surgical instruments across its vast territory, from Britain to Syria. She noted that this project demonstrates the potential for collaboration between heritage organizations like DEMHT and modern technologies such as those available at the SHArD 3D Lab. By working together, these entities can explore common questions and objectives, leading to new discoveries and insights into the ancient world.
Source: University of Exeter